Shark Fins

Should we eat sharks’ fins? Shark’s fin soup is a delicacy which is enjoyed by many people around the world, especially the Chinese as they believe that it symbolizes wealth, honour and respect. However, the practice of cutting off sharks’ fins alive and then throwing them back into the sea had caused increasing awareness and ire of animal rights and environment advocates. Statistics have estimated that one hundred million sharks are killed every year, not considering the fact that these numbers are still increasing.In my personal viewpoint, I feel that sharks’ fins should not be consumed due to ethical, environmental and health issues. It is immorally incorrect to cut off sharks’ fins alive and then throwing them back into the sea. By doing so, we are inflicting excruciating pain and suffering to the sharks. Science research has shown that there is actually in fact no great biological divide between humans and animals. Darwin demonstrated how anima ls and humans are clearly linked through evolutionary continuity and recent research has even shown that similar nervous systems as humans and respond to pain like we do.It is highly inhumane and cruel to slaughter sharks in such a way that they have to experience so much agony just for the sake of our desires and craves. There is no reason for the very fact of humanity’s superiority over other animals means we have the reason to exploit other species. It is only reasonable for us to leave sharks alone when they have not caused much harm to us in any way. Since it is incorrect for us to kill sharks, we should deter ourselves from craving for sharks’ fins.Additionally, by killing such a great number of sharks would lead to environmental issues. One of the impacts would be the imminent extinction of the shark species. According to the International Union for the Conservation of Nature, 143 shark species which is over 55 percent of the shark species are facing a high risk of extinction either now or in the near future. It has also been discovered that excessive fishing has caused a 90 percent decline in shark populations across the world’s oceans and up to 99 percent along the United States east coast.Another impact would be an imbalance in the ecological system. In the natural world, all elements of an ecosystem are interconnected and depend on each other in one way or another. Sharks, being the top predator, act as caretakers of the environment, picking off the smaller and weaker species, but helping to ensure healthy populations and a balanced ecosystem. Hence, if the shark population is wiped out from the eco system, it will have a devastating impact on other species within the marine environment.Some of these species are valuable sources of food, and economic gains. Therefore, environmental concern is one of the most crucial reasons why we should not consume sharks’ fins. Besides being morally wrong and creating harm to the enviro nment, eating shark fin has been proven to be harmful to our bodies. Some people have claimed health benefits of sharks’ fin soup. However, these claims are unfounded. Instead, in fact, sharks contain a high level of mercury which would cause damage to the human central nervous system and birth defects in infants.The United States Environmental Protection Agency caution consumers that sharks, with their long life spans of fifty plus years, absorb and store significant amounts of mercury in their fins often at high level. Additionally, it is discovered that sharks’ fins are often treated with hydrogen peroxide so as to make their colours more appealing to consumers. Moreover, there have been several cases in which business companies sell fake shark’s fins for the benefit of economic gains. The China Daily in Beijing and Japanese language Hong Kong Post have reported on phony fins sold as pure sharks’ fins sold through Asia and North America.Generally, most of these cases involve bogus fins made from a variety of ingredients before being bleached white with highly corrosive chemicals. The consumption of these bogus fins is definitely harmful to health. Given the adverse effects on human health, sharks’ fins should hence not be eaten. In conclusion, sharks’ fins should not be consumed due to the several negative impacts it will bring to the environment and our health, even to the extent of sacrificing our moral values.

An Exploration Of The Traditional Customs Union Theory And The Static And Dynamic Effects Of Economic Integration

Introduction The benefits gained from regional integration are widely documented in literature and have been known since the time of classical economists (Oslington, 2013). Regional integration has become the subject of great interest due to the perceived benefits of preferential trade arrangements such as customs union, free trade area, and common market among many others.This paper will focus explicitly on customs unions, exploring the traditional customs union theory introduced by prof. Jacob Viner. The paper starts by defining customs union and then examines Viner’s framework of trade creation and trade-diversion effects. It is important to first define customs union and introduce the theory of customs union. In general, tariff systems often tend to discriminate either between commodities or between countries. Commodity discrimination occurs where different commodities are subjected to different rates of duty whereas country discrimination occurs where different countries are subjected to different rates of duty on the same commodity (Lipsey, 1960). The theory of customs union is defined by the latter part which involves geographical discrimination by imposition of external tariffs to imports from non-member states. As defined by (Clausing, 2000), a customs union is a form of preferential trade arrangement that involves a tariff-free market access between member countries while imports from non-member countries are subjected to a common external tariff. Customs union have for a long time formed the basis for regional integration. This has primarily been driven by the perceived trade benefits for having such trade agreements between member countries. Some of the best-known customs unions include the Benelux formed by Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands; Zollverein which was formed by German states; and the EEC which was established by several states including France, Belgium and Italy, and is now widely recognized as the EU (Strielkowski, 2013). Other examples of customs unions are the Mercosur and the Andean Community (Hannam, 2014). Viner’s framework of trade creation and trade-diversion effects. Any useful literature exploring the welfare effects of custom union formation must commence with the appreciation of the traditional Vinerian orthodoxy which is based on two important considerations: trade creation and trade diversion effects. The Vinerian orthodoxy has been the driving force behind the huge volume of literature exploring the welfare effects of economic integration. For a long time, the perceived trade gains of customs unions had provided the rationale for regional integration (Jovanovic, 1998). Such regional agreements were viewed as good in terms of the welfare benefits. However, following the work of Viner Jacob, this proposition turned out to be incorrect. Using the concepts of trade creation and trade diversion, Jacob Viner argued that regional trade agreements did not necessarily result trade gains in spite of elimination of trade barriers (Ambrego & Riezman 2003; Lipsey 2006). Suppose that two countries A and B agree to form a customs union with country C remaining outside the union. If prior to the formation of customs union, country A was importing from country C which is a low cost producer. With the union formed, A chooses to import from country B which is a high cost producer. In this case, the welfare is lowered despite the benefits of a tariff-free market as trade is diverted from a low cost producer to a high cost producer (Ambrego & Riezman 2003; Lipsey 2006). However, if a union was formed between A and C, then trade will be created and the welfare will increase. Using these static concepts, Professor Viner concluded that such regional agreements can only be beneficial to partner countries if it leads to trade in commodities which were not previously traded (trade creation) (Corden, 1972). Whereas if the union was trade diverting by shifting locus of production from low-cost third country to higher-cost partner country, then the effects are most likely to be detrimental for both partner countries and the rest of the world as well (Chipman, 1998 & Lipsey, 2006). Since the publication of his seminal work in 1950, many economists have been interested in pursuing the impact of these two effects on world welfare. His work has been the driving force behind later subsequent literature examining the impact of regional trade agreements on welfare. Subsequent empirical work Much of the empirical literature on customs union formation has been motivated by the work of Viner (1950). Prior to Vinerian orthodoxy, it had been customary to recognize customs union as always increasing welfare. The classical economic theory behind the formation customs union was the presumption that higher degree of economic integration was beneficial (Jonavonic 1998). Customs union formation was viewed as a step closer to free trade liberalization hence was seen as increasing world welfare. Viner’s seminal contributions proved this argument to be incorrect. However, Viner’s seminal contributions were challenged by Meade (1955) on grounds that the orthodoxy overlooked some of the benefits resulting in trade-diverting unions such as the benefits arising from substitution in consumption (Chipman, 1998). Lipsey (1957) and Gehrels (1956) criticized the Viner’s work over the same issue. These authors argued that preference considerations had to be taken into account when making determinations of the welfare gains and losses (Chipman, 1998). Dissatisfaction with the Vinerian orthodoxy led to the development of other approaches that yielded clear propositions including the general theory of the second best and the terms of trade-volume approach. It is important to note that the traditional Vinerian orthodoxy was based on two simplifying assumptions: Constant costs of production (Nicholls, 1993) Fixed proportions in consumptions (Nicholls, 1993). Meade (1956), Lipsey (1957) and Gehrels (1956) extended Viner’s basic model by relaxing the assumption of zero price elasticity’s of demand (Lee, 1978: p.248). This allowed for the determination of welfare effects with consideration of the changes in composition of consumption. Kemp (1969), Michaely (1965) and Vanek (1965) relaxed the assumption of constant costs. What is missing from traditional customs union theory? Besides these limitations, the traditional Vinerian orthodoxy seem to be missing important dynamic aspects which are crucial in determination of the welfare effect. The traditional customs union theory seems to concentrate more on trade creation and trade diversion effects that are likely to be trivial, ignoring those that are crucial in determining the net gains/losses from integration. Pro-competitive effect One particular aspect missing is the pro-competitive effect. For example, many small countries will tend to have a few large firms that may collude and raise prices at the expense of consumers. Forming customs union and ensuring a tariff free market will increase the degree of competition and force domestic firms to price more in line with marginal cost (Jovanovic, 1998). This pro-competitive effect will encourage them to reduce inefficiency and force them to price in line with marginal costs, thereby leading reducing the prices to consumers. This pro-competitive effect make it increasingly difficult for these firms to charge margins in excess of marginal costs (Josic & Josic, 2013) In this regard, Baldwin & Venables (1995) emphasize the importance of pro-competitive effect and even suggest that regional integration amplifies the pro-competitive effect compared to global integration. Formation of customs union create a large market and subjects producers to new forms of competition. Increase in competition forces the firms to be reduce the levels of x-inefficiency and to price in line with marginal cost in order to gain a new market share. Economies of scale Another criticism of the traditional customs union theory lies in its failure to allow for economies of scale (Corden, 1972). Viner’s analysis fails to incorporate the effect of economies of scale. It is a fact that regional integration leads to the formation of larger markets which allows firms to exploit greater economies of scale. Customs union formation will therefore lead to the exploitation of greater economies of scale, thereby driving down the costs. With the tariff barriers removed, nationally-scaled firms may benefit greater economies of scale from the larger single market created (Cakmak & Yilmaz, 2008). Economies of scale will allow these union producers to achieve an optimum scale of production, increase their efficiencies and decrease the average production costs as well as the prices to consumers (Ginsberg, 2010: 95) Technology spill overs Yet another aspect missing in the traditional customs union theory are the larger effects of technological advances. The productivity and innovative abilities of nationally scaled firms may further be enhanced by technology spillovers (Cakmak & Yilmaz, 2008). Research and development programs may help in improving technological innovations. There is a greater potential for technological innovation where such unions exist. Accumulation or growth effects Furthermore, given that integration leads to increased efficiency, it is also more likely to induce greater investment. This additional investment may lead to medium-term growth effect in some countries and can even improve long-run growth rates where the additional investment is associated with faster technical progress (Josie & Josie, 2013). From an investment perspective, foreign direct investment will be particularly important in boosting domestic growth. Arguments for and agents removing all tariffs Indeed there appears to be a number of justifiable reasons for customs union formation. A member country’s welfare as well as the world’s welfare can be raised if tariffs are reduced under such customs unions. However, the greatest benefits would be achieved by complete removal of the tariffs compared to mere reduction of these tariffs. The removal of all trade barriers will without doubt yield significant benefits in terms of reducing monopoly power, improving terms of trade, increasing efficiency, and improving technological innovations through technology spill-overs among many others. In fact, customs union theory fails to justify or rather explain the need for customs union formation since complete removal of all trade barriers could have all the benefits without incurring potential losses associated with joining customs unions (Jovanovic, 1998). The welfare of a member country is less likely to be raised by a mere reduction in tariffs compared to complete removal. A free trade agreement would therefore tend to have more welfare benefits than a customs union since trade creation is merely dependent on removal of tariff barriers (Clausing, 2000). However, Krueger (1997) points out that free trade agreements may not necessarily yield greater benefits than a customs union and even argues that it can generate additional welfare costs which would otherwise not have been incurred under a customs union. In fact, Krueger (1997) argues that a customs union will always remain superior to a free trade agreement. This points to the need for further analysis of the benefits and costs associated with Free trade agreements and customs unions formation. Conclusion Based on this analysis, this paper concludes that the static concepts of trade creation and diversion cannot appropriately measure the welfare effects of regional integration. Even though Viner seminal contributions points out that consumer welfare may increase due to tariff reductions while welfare cost may accrue from tariff discrimination of customs union, these static effects are trivial when considering the welfare effects of integration. The traditional customs union theory seem to ignore dynamic effects that are crucial in determining the net gains/losses from integration such as the pro-competitive effect, growth effect, economies of scale, and reduction of x-inefficiencies and monopoly power among many others A prime example can be seen with the European Union, a single market that has had important consequences both within and outside Europe. Following the EU’s single market program, there is now a greater awareness of the importance of formation of customs union and of the value of removing tariff barriers. The EU is not only the largest single importer and exporter, but is also the world’s largest and richest economic entity (Ginsberg, 2010: p.96). The gains associated with joining the union far outweigh the economic risks/costs. The EU is currently planning to expand its reach other European nations. Preferential trading agreements seem to be growing more rapidly, both in size and number. Reference Akkoyunlu-Wigley, A., 2006. â€Å"Effects of customs union with European Union on the market structure and pricing behaviour of Turkish manufacturing industry†. Applied Economics, vol.38 (20). Ambrego, L. and Riezman, R., 2003. Computation and the theory of customs unions. Ontario, Universities of Warwick and Western Ontario and NBER Baldwin, R.E. and Venables, A.J., 1995. â€Å"Regional economic integration†. In Handbook of International Economics, vol.3 , edited by G.M. Grossman and K. Rogoff. Amsterdam: North-Holland, pp.1597-1644 Cakmak, O.A. and Yilmaz, S., 2008. The dynamic effects of economic integration: a comparative study on the competitive power of Turkey and EU-8 (Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovakia, Slovenia, Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia). Gazi University. Chipman, J.S., 1998. Welfare effects of trade-diveriting customs unions: a quantitative approach, USA, University of Minnesota. Clausing, K.A., 2000. â€Å"Customs unions and free trade areas†. Journal of Economic Integration, vol 15 (3), pp.418-435 Corden, W.M., 1972. â€Å"Economies of scale and customs union theory†. Nuffield College, Oxford Publishers., Journal of Political Economy, vol.80 (3) Gehrels, F., 1956. Customs Union from a Single-Country Viewpoint, Review of Economic Studies, 24, pp. 61-64. Ginsberg, R.H., 2010. Demistifying the European Union: the enduring logic of regional integration. Rowman & Littlefield publishers4 Hannan, D., 2014. The EU is not a free trade area but a customs union: until we understand the difference, the debate about our membership is meaningless. The Telegraph. Available from http://blogs.telegraph.co.uk/news/danielhannan/100186074/the-eu-is-not-a-free-trade-area-but-a-customs-union-until-we-understand-the-difference-the-debate-about-our-membership-is-meaningless/ [Viewed on 30th November 2014]. Josic, H. and Josic, M., 2013. Static and dynamic effects of customs union creation, Croatia, Faculty of Economics and Business Zagreb Jovanovic, M. N., 1998. International Economic Integration, London, Routledge. Kemp, M., 1969, The Pure Theory of International Trade and Investment. London: Prentice-Hall. Krueger, A., 1997. â€Å"Free Trade Agreements versus Customs Unions†, Journal of Development Economics 54, 169-187. Lee, S.A., 1978. Economic relations between West Asia and Southeast Asia. Papers and proceedings of an international conference, Singapore, Institute of Southeast Asian. Lipsey, R. G., 1957, â€Å"The theory of customs unions: trade diversion and welfare†, Economica 24: 40:46 Lipsey, R.G., 1960. â€Å"The theory of Customs Unions: a general survey†, The Economic Journal, vol.70, No. 279 Lipsey, R.G., 2006. â€Å"The theory of customs unions: trade diversion and welfare†. Economica, New Series vol, 24. No.93 Meade, J.E., 1955, The Theory of Customs Unions. Amsterdam: North Holland. Mendes, M., 1986. â€Å"An alternative approach to customs union theory†. Journal of International Economic Integration 1(I), spring publications, pp.43-58 Michaely, M., 1965. â€Å"On Customs Unions and the Gains from Trade†, Economic Journal, 75, pp. 577-583. Nicholls, S.A., 1993. Theories of economic integration: a selective review, London: University of London Oslington, P., 2013. Contextual history, practitioner history and classic status: reading Jacob Viner’s the customs union issue, North Sydney, Australia, Australian Catholic University Strielkowski, W., 2012. Advanced economics of European integration: microeconomic aspects, National University of Ireland Viner, J., 1950, The Customs Union Issue. New York: Carnegie Endowment for International Peace

Dramatic tension for the audience Essay

In the play, â€Å"A View From The Bridge†, Arthur Miller gave the audience an impression that the Italian immigrants weren’t welcome to the USA. The scene is set in New York and it relates to six main characters, who are all individuals and play unique roles. Arthur Miller was born on October 17th in 1915 in New York City. He was a prominent figure in American literature and his career as a writer spanned over seven decades. He is considered by audiences as one of Americas’ greatest play writers, and his plays are widely recognised throughout the world. The play is set in Red Hook. The main focus and stage is the Carbones’ living and dining room. Alfieri thinks that the public do not appreciate lawyers or priests because he says â€Å"You see how uneasily they nod to me? That’s because I am a lawyer. In this neighbourhood to meet a lawyer or a priest on the street is unlucky. We’re only thought of in connection with disasters, and they’d rather not get too close†. A slight of distrust lies in the neighbourhood because he can sense that the law wasn’t an amicable idea since the Greeks were beaten. People have told him that the neighbourhood lack an element of â€Å"elegance and glamour†. The neighbourhood consisted of longshoremen and their wives and fathers and grandfathers and poor people. Red Hook was considered quite a dangerous place but now it’s â€Å"quite civilized, quite American†. Alfieri can foretell the rest of story as he tells the audience that they should watch the situation â€Å"run its bloody course†, and followed that by introducing Eddie Carbone by saying â€Å"this one’s name was Eddie Carbone†. The way Arthur Miller uses Alfieri to say â€Å"this one’s†, shows that Alfieri has seen this many times before and is giving us a hint that the play is not going to end well. Eddie is introduced on stage by pitching coins with the men, in which he highlighted from them, â€Å"He is forty-a husky, slightly overweight longshoreman. When Eddie enters his apartment and meets Catherine, there is quite a friendly atmosphere but this changes quickly when Eddie criticizes the way Catherine walks and her appearance. The conversation ends when Eddie says that Beatrice’s cousins are coming. Here we can get the feeling that Eddie has undiscovered sexual feelings and is very possessive over Catherine. While the family were waiting for Beatrice’s cousins, Eddie is telling the story of Vinny Bolzano. The story has a significant importance because this play also has a similar story as Bolzano. Miller uses Eddie as the person who informs the immigration about Beatrice’s cousins (just like the young boy did to his uncle in Bolzano’s story). Marco appears to be suspicious initially. He is quite stiff towards Eddie and gives him control of when he requires them to leave. There is an instant reaction where Rodolfo is introduced, we can see Catherine is attracted by his appearance, she asked him many questions like â€Å"How come he’s so dark and you’re so light, Rodolfo† (you can see how she just addressed the question directly to Rodolfo). Catherine also is astonished, as she said to Beatrice â€Å"He’s practically blond! â€Å". Eddie however assumes that he is homosexual because he has blond hair and sings the song â€Å"Paper Doll†. Eddie doesn’t understand the law because he doesn’t see the need of obtaining evidence to prove Rodolfo guilty. He just assumes that Rodolfo wants to marry Catherine for the right to stay and become an American citizen. It is difficult for Eddie to express his emotions because he has intimate feelings towards Catherine. Alfieri’s advice to Eddie was to inform the immigration as to how Beatrice’s cousins entered the country illegally. Initially Eddie is shocked at the advice and says â€Å"Oh, Jesus, no, I wouldn’t do nothin’ about that†. Alfieri also advised Eddie to learn to let Catherine go. He says â€Å"The child has to grow up and go away, and the man has to learn to forget. † Eddie does not want to let Catherine go. This could result in two endings, either Eddie snitches on Rodolfo and Marco or lets his niece live her life the way she wants to. Catherine starts off a conversation about the places where Marco and Rodolfo have been to. Eddie doesn’t seem too convinced when Catherine says they’ve been to Africa, and says â€Å"it’s true Eddie†. Miller uses his stage directions to show that Eddie is only asking Marco about the places they have visited. Then the conversation diverts to Catherine asking Eddie about oranges and lemons growing on trees. Eddie replies directly to Marco. He becomes very aggressive and rude when Rodolfo intervenes. Eddie gets very hostile and snaps back at Rodolfo by saying â€Å"I know lemons are green, for Christ’s sake, you see them in the store they’re green sometimes. I said oranges they paint, I didn’t say nothin’ about lemons. â€Å". Another incident rises when Eddie has a conversation about how he can teach boxing to Rodolfo. Eddie picks on Rodolfo and tries to intimidate and patronise him. They both throw in some light punches but Eddie gets carried away and grazes Rodolfo. Catherine is astonished and Eddie replies â€Å"Why? I didn’t hurt him. Did I hurt you kid? â€Å". Marco had realised that Eddie was bothered by Rodolfo. Marco showed his strength towards Eddie by raising the chair over his head. He does this to make Eddie aware that if anything happens to Rodolfo, Eddie will have to pay the consequences. Arthur Miller shows that Marco has had enough and understands what’s going on, the stage directions describes Marco with â€Å"a strained tension gripping his eyes and jaw, his neck stiff†, he also used a simile â€Å"the chair raised like a weapon over Eddie’s head†. Eddie then realises what Marco meant, his â€Å"grin vanishes as he absorbs his looks. â€Å". This shows us that Marco’s hamartia is Rodolfo.

Internal policies and procedures Essay

Technology is a significant facet of district operations. Technology affects performance through enabling the citizens to access as well as analyze information, resolve problems, work in partnership with others, and successfully communicate their thoughts and information. People make use of technology as an instrument to support in administrative duties. Technology in information systems is needed to provide appropriate information to efficiently manage the district’s assets and make knowledgeable decisions. Only copyrighted materials are put through restrictions within a Policy Statement. Materials that are not copyrighted may be copied unreservedly and without limit. Copyrighted software and patented hardware may be copied devoid of copyright owner’s consent only in proportion to the Copyright Act that permits making an archival back-up duplicate. However, most software is licensed to a user and the terms of a license agreement may provide the user consent to create copies of the software beyond the archival copy allowed by the Copyright Act. Software license agreements and patented hardware are unique and consequently, the rights of the user to copy licensed software further than that endorsed under the Copyright Act may simply be verified by means of reading the user’s license agreement (Wesier, 77). Any reproduction or copying of copyrighted software on a system or constituent computing equipment must be in line with the Copyright Act and the related software license conformity. Educational institutions may not utilize unauthorized copies of software on system or component institution-owned networks or computers housed in a system or component institution facilities. In view of the fact that software companies are worried by the soaring rate of plagiarism and piracy of their programs, studies for probable violations can be anticipated. While software corporations may not possibly find it lucrative to file suit against an individual for violation, it definitely would not be reserved from filing suit against Universities. Additionally, companies may need to convey suits against people to put off future impending pirates. Software companies could also proscribe University’s use of their software packages. Consequently, University employees who make use of these software materials have a responsibility to avert use of copyrighted materials and to utilize the software barely in accordance with licensing agreements. EVALUATION OF CURRENT POLICIES AND PROCEDURES OF ALACHUA COUNTY The Alachua County has cost-efficiently purchased new technology, maintains a reliable technology infrastructure given obtainable resources, have instituted policies and moral standards for using technology, and has good controls to guarantee appropriate access and make use of the district’s information systems. In 2001, the district’s technology departments were pooled into one inclusive department – Administrative and Instructional Technology Department. The amalgamation took place when the directors comprehended that both departments had overlying duties as well as consolidation into one department would augment overall effectiveness. To utilize the remaining best practice principles and guarantee the performance, competence, and efficacy of its softwares and hardwares, the district have to regularly modernize and monitor its technology arrangement, make the training processes official related to technology, regulate budget allowances within obtainable funding, utilize the work order structure to develop the delivery of support, develop the use of technology to progress communications, and institute procedures for analyzing technology services and purchases. Along with the district’s District Technology Plan (2001-2006), the Alachua County currently make use of computers for instruction in general areas: schools curriculum support, technology literacy, as well as communication. All districts have computer committees that provide direction for the function of technology within the instructional procedure and the acquisition of hardware/software. Every district selects and purchases its computer software in accordance with its needs. The constituency sets common direction and provides supervision to guarantee the quality and compatibility of instructional materials. The Technology and Information Services Department supervises technology in Alachua County schools, counting central processing unit and support of services, finance, human resources, and facilities functions. In that structure, the department addresses all issues related to both instructional and technology administrative, as well as the local area networks at each school and district. The staffs support other areas of technology at schools and districts, and assists in using technology. However, the county’s technology plan does not provide sufficient direction for instructional and administrative technology decision-making. Planning is the means to a well-delivered and well-implemented information system. Efficient planning helps guarantee that district information system meets the instructional needs of the people and the administrative needs of decision makers, including schools, hospitals and other organizations and agencies. An effectual planning procedure identifies the technology necessities of users, develops strategies to obtain needed technology in a lucrative manner, and identifies accessible funds required for acquisitions. To ensure that all critical needs are identified, the planning process should comprise an extensive range of stakeholder participation. The decisions made throughout the planning process must be in writing and the resulting plan has to guide technology-related policymaking as well as acquisitions.

Mining Investement Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Mining Investement Analysis - Research Paper Example ii. Refined copper production differs from mine production. Mine production includes the extraction of the copper ores from the copper mines while refined copper production is derived from mine production. In simple terms, mine production is just the extraction an refined copper from underground or the surface while refined copper production involves refining of copper from the mine production. Even though there is a long standing desire to capture additional economic returns through copper products fabrications, the prospects from the copper in both the short term and medium term are not pleasing. There exists variability between the productions and selling of copper and copper alloy semi-manufacturers on a significant scale is highly constrained by factors from the demand side and the supply side. Though copper is a major input in the copper fabrication industry, copper faces little competitive advantage from sourcing copper inputs locally. This is because the price of copper is set by the international commodity exchanges and greatly varies little through out the world. If a given country produces copper, a fabricator in the same country may not have much cost advantage when buying copper in another country. In this case, the maximum cost advantage which the country (the latter) could gain is the cost of shipping the cathode copper to the fabricator in the former county. The fabrication of copper required other raw materials which may not be available in the producing country. As a general rule, the copper industry prefers to use scrap provided that there is supply of acceptability quality and 37 percent of the copper be derived from scrap metal. Many copper products are copper alloys in many countries and only a few of the other metals are required. The need to import the other metals may be a source of comparative disadvantage for some countries. In some copper producing

U3 Lab Reprort Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

U3 Reprort - Lab Report Example One area that has been greatly impacted by these advancements is the telecommunications industry. The industry started taking shape in the late 1970s. By the early 1990s, the world was starting to align itself technologically in order to allow for flawless communication. However, telecommunications services were very expensive then, with bulky phones and very limited services that could only support voice communication. Due to technological advancements this has however changed to what we have today: voice, data, text and video exchanges. The driving force behind all these advancements is networking. This is the same story for computer technology as well. The world has increasingly been moving to a point where they can literally use the internet for anything. In the recent years, there has been a huge buzz about cloud computing. The driving force behind this is networking. With regards to these facts, networking therefore plays a major role in determining how well I understand various key concepts in my career and how well I can integrate these concepts to provide networking solutions: something that is very much needful in my career path. Understanding routing concepts, remote network access, Network Address Translation, SSTP, CMAX, including various policies that come with networks will be instrumental in how productive and innovative I will be in my

Hand By Hand School of Autism Research Proposal

Hand By Hand School of Autism - Research Proposal Example But if the school offers more courses and adopts a more flexible policy it can achieve much more than planned. Threats posed to school include recession in industry as well as changes in government policies or in legislature. Demographic or cultural shifts can also be lethal. Hand By Hand school of Autism will focus on the kids aging from 5 — 12 years with the autism disorder. Business is a venture of four partners where all of them are responsible for equity in the ratio of 1:1:1:1 and for management too. All are business graduates hence understand the processes and plans completely. Specialized faculty will be hired in order to maintain the standards of the school. Class room environment will be of special importance. Courses will be in accordance to the needs. Feedback will be given to the parents on regular basis. Students will have regular sessions with the psychologist in order to examine their mental health. School will help parents diagnose and assess the disorder and help cure it at early stages. School will help the kids with speech therapy, physical education, music education and outdoor activities to overcome their disabilities. School website will contain effective advertising material along with description of services the school is providing. Faculty will be introduced on our webpage to make the parents know about them. Students’ attendance record can also be checked by the parents online. Financial statements are projected at the end and some graphs are given to show the growth and profitability ratios. Vision We aspire to be most reliable and quality oriented autistic institution in Canada with an emphasis upon excellence. With excellence in quality, we also give importance towards lowering the expense of the parents. Thus, we aim to provide quality service at an affordable price. Mission To fulfill our vision we provide an encouraging and conducive to growth environment to the learners along with inculcation of excellent academic as well as extra-curricular skills to make them productive citizens. Our programs are designed in such a way that all around development of the individuals are facilitated. The programs are designed after consulting the doctors and experts. The teachers who will be hired will have significant experience in this area. Table of Contents Executive Summary 2 Vision 3 Mission 3 Industry Analysis 6 SWOT Analysis 6 Porter’s Five Forces Model 7 The Idea 8 The market 9 Competition 10 Value Proposition 10 Market strategy 12 Marketing Objectives 12 Risk 15 Financial 16 Sensitivity 17 Operational Timelines 19 The Team and Advisory Board 20 References 24 Appendix 25 The Industry Every business operates among a group of firms, who produces competing services and products, which is termed as an industry. In simple words, industry can be referred to as a group of organizations, who are dealing in identical services and products. Although there is a significant amount of differences between the competitors, yet every industry has their own set of rules regarding the price, product and distribution (C.A. Rao, B.P. Rao & Sivaramakrishna, 2009). Before starting any new business, it is important for the strategic manager to understand the structure and then decide on the ways in which the firm will be competing with other competitors. Therefore, industry analysis is a critical step in framing the strategies. Strategy is the

Open Systems Theory (OD) Analysis for Deckers Outdoor Corporation Research Paper

Open Systems Theory (OD) Analysis for Deckers Outdoor Corporation - Research Paper Example Through various planning, management and management, the firm has become popular across the US and other global parts. However, the company has recently encountered several challenges, forcing the company to incur various losses. Therefore, this manuscript will mull over these challenges and thereby discuss various organization diagnostic models that the firm can employ in resolving these challenges. Brief Overview of Deckers Outdoor Corporation The firm set off in 1973, with Doug Otto running it during its inception in Goleta, California. During its inception, the firm used to manufacture sandals. However, the company has grown to international level, distributing its products to diverse kinds of retailers. These include departmental stores and outlet stores among others (Latimer, 2012). Besides, the firm makes direct sales to its customers. The firm has independent distributors across Europe, Canada, Latin America, as well as Asia. It has also formed a union with Stella Internation al Holdings for the sale of UGG brand in China. The firm manufactures well-designed trendy shoes that sell across leading countries worldwide. Challenges facing the firm Counterfeit is a significant challenge that the firm is experiencing. China is the key source of these products. These counterfeits have significantly affected the UGG brand. Survey shows that the authorities impounded nearly 600 000 products, while the firm litigated over 2000 websites that sold falsified Deckers products (Latimer, 2012). These products were of low quality as contrasted to Deckers products, and thereby cheaper. This posed a considerable threat in the high profit realization of the firm, as well as company’s image. Besides, the country faces brand name controversies with various firms in Australia and Europe. These firms claim to have the sole ownership of the UGG brand. As such, there have been various court proceedings over the ownership of the brand, particularly in Australia where Uggs-n- Rugs sold their footwear item under this brand (Latimer, 2012). However, the firm still sells shoes to Australia under the brand. Additionally, various reviewers argue that the brand shoes have significant effects on animals. These critics claim that they contribute significantly towards the extinction of some animals (Latimer, 2012). As a result, they campaign against the purchase of these products, thereby compelling the firm into severe revenue loss. Organizational Diagnosis (OD) has become basic in enhancing an organization’s success. In an endeavor to improve the organizational effectiveness, it is essential to establish its current performance level thus devising apt strategies sufficient for the modification process. The concept of diagnosis in organizations applies similarly to the medical diagnosis, whereby the doctor tests the patient, gathers all the useful information prior to prescribing the best medication for the ailment. In a similar style, the management team assembles all the critical information, conducts an analysis, before devising the most suitable intervention for the organization to undertake. The current literature on organizational performance has depicted numerous benefits of performing the OD. Some of these entail the detection of all problems present in the organization, therefore, devising suitable strategies. Identification of such information is necessary in enhancing the company’s efficiency in its performance. Force Field Analysis The first model, Force

Critical Evaluation of Current Integrated Marketing Communications Essay - 3

Critical Evaluation of Current Integrated Marketing Communications Practice(BKK) - Essay Example This article looks at the communication tools that the Ford Motors Company deploy in ensuring effective communication and transfer of the message from the sender to the receiver as intended. The receiver in this case being the target market, the company has to ensure the right information is conveyed otherwise it may easily be knocked out of the market. The article further explores the various challenges that face the company in the process of implementation of its communication activities both in the internal and external environment of the company. Different companies use different communication tools and media to convey information to the target markets. The incorporation of the communication tools and media together to keep the customer updated is summarized in what is called integrated marketing communications. Such communication tools include personal selling, publicity, sales promotion and advertising. The communication tools are print media, broadcast media or electronic media. Many challenges are faced in the practice of integrated marketing communication that need to be looked into with as much concern as they deserve. Ford Motors Company promotes the sales of the automobiles it produces worldwide thereby enabling it to maximize profit from the broad market base due to the vast number of consumers. (Banham, 2002, p. 234)The commodore and falcon brands manufactured by ford motors have outdone all the other traditional cars in the Australian markets with more than 20% of the total number of new cars in the country being from Ford Motors Company. Ford also makes sales in the United States of America from which its headquarters is based. (Banham, 2002, p. 236) It’s the second largest automobile industry in the country after general motors. The company produces a wide variety of automobiles to capture maximum number of consumers. Cars are

The dichotomy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The dichotomy - Essay Example On one hand, the student feels achieved by mere success appraisal of the individual, which is a function of a number of considerations as discussed below. Theorists of the incremental perspective of learning place meaning on the perception of learning and intelligence, where flexible notions of learning determine how an individual associates success to a task. Proponents of this perspective hold the view that students see opportunities in their own experiences and hold little credit on the views of other persons. Opinion on the evaluation outcomes does not make a huge impact on the perceptions held on individual performance. In light of the demands of learning, effort made towards a task amount to an experience rewarding enough that the opinion of an evaluator would not significantly change the overall satisfaction obtained. Incremental view of the learning process is that the opinion of the appraising individual is secondary to the essential part of the task, whether quality is achieved of otherwise (Shippensburg University 2012, para.7). Despite the demands of an appraisal likely to form part of the learning assignment, the student attaches meaning to the learning experience as opposed to appraisal. Perhaps one of the reasons why the student opts to employ personal evaluation strategy could arise from available alternatives to appraisal. The evaluation aspect by a team as an optional functionality in the determination of success upon learning the piece of music gives the student a choice of evaluation alternatives, personal appraisal included on the list of appraisal methods. In view of making choices from the different options of evaluation available to students, the students with a higher belief on their performances may opt to make the appraisal by their own volition not only demonstrate the logic of their interpretation to learning but also potential to evaluate. Despite the fact that

What does it mean to act morally Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

What does it mean to act morally - Term Paper Example The proposed model adopts theories of Psychological Egoism and Ethical Egoism but it is largely based on the Buddhist philosophy of enlightenment. Analysis on Existing Theories of Moral Philosophy Sense of â€Å"morality† occurs naturally in human mind. Pursuing private benefits and ignoring the wellbeing of other living beings are also natural human behaviors. Conflicting mortal forces of â€Å"morality† and â€Å"immorality† are responsible for a great amount of literature in the human history. Lord Buddha taught 2600 years ago that correctly comprehending these forces is the path way to the ultimate freedom of humans. Theology play a vital role in moral philosophy. However the divine command theory is inefficient in describing the religion lead morality. It acknowledges the significance of religion in moral philosophy. But it is based on a rather ambiguous presumption i.e. â€Å"there exists a God†. Accordingly God defines what is good and what is bad. Approximately 2500 years ago Plato questioned: â€Å"is something right (or wrong) because the gods command it, or do the gods commands it because it is right?† Religion lead morality had been much easier to widely implement during the pre-industrial revolution. In the history fear and faith towards religious abstracts kept humans from acting upon immoral desires. ... Thus the divine command theory is not an efficient approach for contemporary moral philosophy. Psychology is acknowledged as a vital component in moral philosophy. There are many theories advocated by the psychologists relating to the moral judgment example: Piaget’s â€Å"genetic Epistemology† and Haidt’s â€Å"social-intuitionist† theory (Bucciarelli et. al., 2008). Piaget, 1975, described the cognitive development process of children in terms of their biological makeup and psychological process involving adaptation and organization. When a new situation is presented to a child it becomes assimilated and accommodated in memory. These two processes jointly results in adaptation to the new situation. Creating structures of related and interconnected information is a natural process occurring in human minds (known as organization in Piaget’s theory). Thus when the same situation is presented repeatedly child reacts according to what is already been a ssimilated and accommodated. According to Piaget’s theory logical reasoning is the aftermath of adaptation and organization. Haidt, 1978, described â€Å"immediate intuition† as the judicable basis for identifying what is right and what is wrong. Haidt’s theory postulates that conscious reasoning of humans is not effective for identifying what is right or wrong. Alternatively it is vital for influencing the actions of others. Haidt’s theory defines immediate intuition as â€Å"the sudden appearance in consciousness of a moral judgment, including an affective valence (good-bad, like-dislike), without any conscious awareness of having gone through steps of searching, weighing evidence, or inferring a conclusion† (Haidt, 2001, p. 818). Limitation of Haidt’s above definition is discussed in the

Carbon Dioxide Emissions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Carbon Dioxide Emissions - Essay Example The average World Carbon Dioxide Emissions were 4.53 metric tones/capita in 2005. United States of America ranked first then with average emissions of 19.54 metric tones/capita followed by Canada, Russia and UK. Developing countries like India and China lagged at the tail end then. The Fourth Assessment Report of Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change concluded among other things that "warming of the climate system is unequivocal" and that "anthropogenic warming over the last three decades has likely had discernible influence at the global scale on observed changes in many physical and biological systems." The report also stated that human activities have significant impact on climate change. The Gross Domestic Product is one of the primary indicators calculated to assess the health of a country's economy. It representsthe total dollar value of all goods and services produced over a specific time period. According to the Environment Kuznets hypothesis, environmental pressure increases faster than the income in the early stages of development and slows down relative to GDP growth as higher income levels are reached. The EKC proposes that indicators of environmental degradation first rise, and then fall with increasing income per capita. There are views supporting and criticizing this theory. ... According to the Environment Kuznets hypothesis, environmental pressure increases faster than the income in the early stages of development and slows down relative to GDP growth as higher income levels are reached. The EKC proposes that indicators of environmental degradation first rise, and then fall with increasing income per capita. Environmental Kuznets Curve : Different Scenarios Source: Reference 1 There are views supporting and criticizing this theory. Those views supporting it emphasize that the curve exists though its becoming smaller in nature and shifting to the left(revised EKC) whereas those criticizing it argue that even if certain pollutants are reduced as income increases, industrial society continuously creates new, unregulated and potentially toxic pollutants. In their the curve will rise to a horizontal line at maximum existing pollution levels, as globalization promotes a "race to the bottom" in environmental standards, as shown in Figure In their view, the overall environmental risks from these new pollutants may continue to grow even if some sources of pollution are reduced, as shown by the "new toxics" line in the above figure. The relationship between economic growth and environmental quality has been a source of great controversy for a very long time. Multiple factors contribute to this. The complex nature of GDP calculation, data on environmental quality are patchy themselves and also that though the per capita capability to pay for clean technology increases, it does not necessarily imply a proportionate increase in the willingness to pay. This report makes an attempt to verify the Environmental Kuznets hypothesis while establishing a relation between additional variables like the energy

The Politics of a New Industrial Order Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Politics of a New Industrial Order - Essay Example elieved that every individual is equal and no one should be treated unequally in the society so they struggled to remove corruption and influence of rich people on the society. They also aimed to increase the government-public relationship so that there will be no communication gaps between and the problems of people could be solved. (Ideas and movements, 19th Century) To carry on with their motives and beliefs the progressives used different tactics. Many intellectuals wrote about the horrors of poverty, urban slums, dangerous factory conditions, and child labor to inform the people and get their support which was needed for the movement to succeed. The next major thing in the early reform period was abolitionism that is the force to remove slavery from the society. It also prohibited the intake of intoxicants as it pollutes the mind. After that was the struggle for the rights of women and the decreasing value of rural areas. After that it was the turn of social Darwinism to be removed from the society. This step was taken to loosen the grip of wealthy people on the society. The movement benefitted the people by loosening the power of their bosses on them. It helped them in getting rid of the gentry. The steps to stop labor exploitation gave safer work environment to the workers and this dropped the death rate. Different acts that were passed helped the investors (Sherman Antitrust Act 1890). Apart from benefits, the movement had some drawbacks. It triggered long work hours as the economy was expanding and the labor worked for very long hours. The next flaw was that by increasing the public-government relationship, the movement increased the chances of corruption and bribery. The movement encouraged schooling but at that time the industry had a great influence due to which the intellectual became reluctant to teach and thus the students became reluctant to study.

Tesco Marketing Strategic Analysis Research Paper

Tesco Marketing Strategic Analysis - Research Paper Example The report below provides an insight into the supermarket company, Tesco, with emphasis on its external environment analysis and the company's analysis of resources, competence, and culture. Two future marketing strategic options are suggested in regards to the resources based marketing strategies. Tesco is one of the biggest food retailers in the world, functioning around 2,318 stores and has more than 326,000 employees. It offers online services through its subsidiary, Tesco.com. The United Kingdom is the biggest market for the company, where it functions under four signs of Extra, Superstore, Metro, and Express. The company vends approximately forty thousands of food products, together with clothing and other non-food lines. The own-label products (fifty percent of sales) of the company are at three stages, value, normal and finest. As well as conventional produce, many stores have gas stations, becoming one of the largest independent petrol retailers in the UK. Other retailing services offered include Tesco Personal Finance. Operating in a globalized environment with stores around the globe, Tesco's performance is highly influenced by the political and legislative conditions of these countries, including the European Union (EU). For employment legislation, the government encourages retailers to provide a mix of job opportunities from flexible, lower-paid and locally-based jobs to highly-skilled, higher-paid and centrally-located jobs. Also to meet the demand from population segments such as students, working parents, and senior citizens. Tesco understands that retailing has a great impact on jobs and people factors (new store developments are often seen as destroying other jobs in the retail sector as traditional stores go out of business or are forced to cut costs to compete), being an essentially local and labor-intensive sector. Tesco employs large numbers of; student, disabled and elderly workers, often paying them lower rates. In an industry with typically high staff turnover, these workers offer a higher level of loyalty and therefore represent desirable candidates. Economical Factors Economic factors are of concern to Tesco because they are likely to influence demand, costs, prices, and profits. One of the most influential factors on the economy is high unemployment levels, which decreases the effective demand for many goods, adversely affecting the demand required to produce such goods.These economic factors are largely outside the control of the company, but their effects on performance and the marketing mix can be profound. Although international business is still growing (Appendix 1) and is expected to contribute greater amounts to Tesco's profits over the next few years, the company is still highly dependent on the UK market. Hence, Tesco would be badly affected by any setback in the UK food market and are out in the open to market concentration risks.

Carol-Columbia-essay2,3-0923-ec 19970 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Carol-Columbia-essay2,3-0923-ec 19970 - Essay Example The case was not much different with the ‘Standard Translation Planning and Management System’ (TPMS), a tool for managing the IBM globalization and localization process. The generation system set as per the standard protocols of the related technology, developed by a team of engineers from Egypt, failed poorly with regard to utility, steadily affecting customer satisfaction. In 2007, I was appointed as Manager of a new team with the responsibility of renovating the existing system and developing a Next Generation TPMS .An extensive research into the technicalities of the system, and upon taking the opinion of the clients, I could detect four major drawbacks of the ‘standard’ system .They were ‘very slow performance’, ‘lesser customer utility’, ‘too complicated advanced features’ and an ‘unfriendly user interface’. A shift in the focus from the theoretical technology standards to very practical customer friendliness was the basic change needed. The primary attention in the architecture of the new system was to select tools as per user’s requirement. On a customer based investigation, some users required the replacement of ‘desktop application’ with ‘web application’ so as to enjoy a clean application added with the ease to use. As the others’ concern was system response time, they opted for desktop application which was faster than the web application. A trial to integrate the requirements of this wide range of customers gave us the thought of blending both the applications which was quite new to the knowledge base and expertise of IBM. The product was to be formulated based on practical mix of both the tools. The challenge was to bridge the standard framework and the practical architectural tools. The effort started with a feasibility study and I gradually led the process of prototype development. Finally we invented a desktop web-client architecture which ensured

Interview Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 19

Interview - Essay Example I then vowed to enter the industry through cartoonist as that was the best starting point. I can categorically state that my work is quite impressive having undergone serious positive changes. I appreciated the need to listen to criticism from friends, fans and family and work towards filling such gaps. Besides I familiarized myself with the industry and software based on self-study so as to gain skills required to become a successful artist by incorporating comments arising from every stakeholder . My art has been so impactful and inspirational based on the ideas and thoughts I raise. I have become known by the Gulf Corporation Council (GCC). Besides, I am always being invited by companies and Institutes to assist in project developments based on the uniqueness in how I organize my thoughts and ideas that have impacted making people to like my art. My styles are being imitated by various Companies within the industry based on negotiations and agreements. I am so delighted with my progress and subsequently I have been furthering my study in the past one year which has seen me take a break in the media industry so as to come back very vocal. I am inspired by the phrase, â€Å"It is never too late† that was clearly evident in WisdomSeven. This motivates me to see everything as possible and still have to dig deep through studies to attain necessary knowledge and skills required in the industry so as to be successful. Besides, studying makes one explore new things and expansion of mind. This further inspires me but my work will always circumvent around

Buddhist Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Buddhist Psychology - Essay Example But as we begin to discover more of ourselves, and we begin to understand and honor the presence of things and people around us, we become less of a person who is self-seeking but we are slowly being transformed to become self-giving. The more we enjoy the meaning of ourselves, the more we want to share it or give part of ourselves away. As we get to know each other more, it is much simpler to be generous to others, in almost everything. This is because of our increased sense of security, we have taken from our self-awareness. In my opinion, a person who is self aware, is less insecure. We become more comfortable even in unknowns spheres and parameters. We are no longer confined to restrictions and it becomes a need to share what we are and who we are. Buddhism or Psychotherapy invokes that the further we look at/into our selves the further we are perpetuating the notion of no self. No self basically means letting go of narcissistic notions and furthermore allowing oneself to become part of a bigger picture in the world. This may sound very paradoxical but this can be explained in several ways. For example, the more we are in touch with our senses, the better we perceive the senses of others. Our personal sensitivity becomes not just means to promote our own needs but also to meet the needs of others. Simple fact such as being sensitive to foul smell, we cannot just easily ignore it, because our senses can perceive it, at the same time we subconsciously know that others smell it too, thus we begin to "care" about others, and how they would perceive things. This is purely a function of departing from our own self.Such tendency allows us to discover our inner connection to the world and other beings. As Aristotle says, men indeed are social beings. We are born to form communities and relate with fellow beings. This way of looking at ourselves, will definitely bring us back to the essentials of becoming social beings.According to Mark Epstein, "What Buddhism teaches is that the connection, the ability to find intimacy or connection, is inherent within us, and that if we can j ust surrender back into that capacity for love, that is all of our birthrights--all babies are born with that; they instinctively love their caretakers. So if we can find that again, then our relationships will take care of themselves."(Epstein, 2005) Mark Epstein pioneered the Eastern teachings of non-self, something that is so different and new to the Western mind. Instead of the usual or traditional Western teaching of separation, individuality as the ultimate psychological goals of human development, he opted to create a theory that is based on connection. Through Buddhism, the idea of "self" becomes a part of a certain whole- which is the universe. Each soul or person becomes a vehicle of spirituality, common to all people. Thus, if we look deeper within ourselves, we find it natural to relate and connect with other people because there is something common amongst all of us, it can be the presence of a higher being within us, or simply the common kind of spirituality which has

Global Warming The cause of human activity Essay

Global Warming The cause of human activity - Essay Example And he was right. This effect is reached due to some atmospheric gases of secondary importance for example, water evaporations and carbonic gas. They leak visible and "near" infrared light, emitted by the sun, but absorb the "far" infrared radiation with lower frequency formed at heating of the earth surface by solar beams. If it did not occur, the Earth would be approximately 30 degrees colder, than now, and life on it would practically stop. ("Global Warming") Recognizing that a "natural" hothouse effect is the settled, balanced process, it is quite logical to assume, that the increase of concentration of "hothouse" gases in an atmosphere should result in strengthening of a hothouse effect which in turn will result in global warming of a climate. Amount of 2 in atmosphere steadily grows for more than century because various kinds of fossil fuel (coal and petroleum) began to be applied widely as a source of energy. Besides as a result of human activity other hothouse gases, for example methane, nitrous oxide, and a lot of chlorine-containing substances also get in an atmosphere. In spite of the fact that they are made in smaller volumes, some of these gases are more dangerous than carbonic gas from the point of view of global warming. ("Global Warming") Now many scientists believe that additional proofs of man's fault in global warming... ("Global Warming") Now many scientists believe that additional proofs of man's fault in global warming will be found out, moreover, human activity is the dominant factor in this process. Nevertheless global warming are caused also by not dependent on people reasons. For example, amplification of solar radiation and sulphatic sparks or aerosols ejected at volcanic eruptions. These emissions on the one hand may create a hothouse effect, and on the other hand they may cool an atmosphere as they reflect sunlight. Influence of human activity is connected, first of all, with the emission of the used industrial gases such as carbonic, holding warm in an atmosphere and the same sulphatic aerosols of industrial, not natural origin. The complex of industrial aerosols and hothouse gases also creates new climatic model. This popular idea in the scientific environment resulted in that scientists now are inclined to evaluate the influence of the person on the climate more critically. Earlier, the warming of a climat e in 20-th century was considered to be mostly caused by the natural reasons not by the activisation of human activity. The group of researchers led by Simon Tatt found out that the increase of average temperature in the beginning of 20-th century could be explained by the increase of solar activity, or a combination of this factor with growth of emission of industrial gases in an atmosphere. But, since the middle of 70th years that is after almost 50-years of temperature rising, the industrial gases creating a hothouse effect are more and more considered to be a principal cause of warming. Many other researchers also came to the same conclusion "Researches of Simon Tatt's group have

Two short paper about biology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Two short paper about biology - Essay Example If a point mutation changes the fifteenth base from a â€Å"U† to an â€Å"A†, the resulting sequence is as follows: AUG: start codon Met/M , ACU: Thr/T, CAU: His/H, CGC : arginine Arg/R ,UGA: stop codon (opal), AGU: Ser/S, UUA: Phe/F, and, CGA: Arg/R. If ‘C’ is inserted between the fourth and fifth bases, the resulting sequence (AUG ACC UCA UCG CUG UAG UUU ACG A), will be: (Met/M, Thr/T, Ser/S, Ser/S, Leucine (Leu/L), Stop (amber), Phe /F, and Thr/T, respectively. The base â€Å"A† stands alone and has no significance in this case. The insertion of two bases in a row would be more devastating. This is because it will alter the entire sequence by changing the codons, whereas, inserting three bases does not interfere with other codons(Wang, Parrish and Wang). Carriers of a genetic disease usually have one copy of gene mutation and are protected from showing symptoms of the disease, by the presence of a normal gene copy (Feero, Zazove and Stevens). Based on knowledge on possible patterns of inheritance for genetic disorders, it is possible to calculate the worst possible risk of two people conceiving a child with a genetic disorder, based on their belonging to the Finnish population ( 1 % are carriers of myoclonus epilepsy, MIM 607876). If the gene mutation for MIM 607876 is on a sex chromosome; an X-linked recessive condition requires two people to be carriers of the gene mutation, in order to conceive an affected child. If the two people are carriers of the gene mutation, there is a 50 % chance of conceiving a child with the disease (50/100 *1/100=0.005). X-linked dominant conditions only occur where individuals have the disease and they require only one genetic mutation to conceive an affected child (Feero, Zazove and Stevens). If the gene mutation for MIM 607876 is on an autosome, two patterns of inheritance are possible. Autosomal dominance

An introduction into the importance and nature of gastronomic events Essay

An introduction into the importance and nature of gastronomic events (Afternoon tea) - Essay Example ion during the period of 1840 and was introduced with the propose of escalating the feel of hunger for a meal that takes place during evening session, especially around the time of 8pm (handpickedhotels.co.uk, 2014). Afternoon tea comprises of various food items such as cakes, sugary pastries, patties along with a cup of tea. This gastronomic event was first practiced as a portion of a socializing event that used to be private in nature and used to be practiced by the female populations of Britain and these females mostly represented the upper class of the society. Later this event was awarded with the status of being a formal occasion as the practice of afternoon tea was exercised by Queen Victoria and the event was recognized as tea receptions. Tea receptions are events that comprise of around 200 guests that visit a home where the event is held during evening hours and these visitors are allowed to be a part of the event whenever they wish to during evening hours. Afternoon Tea Parties in East Sussex. (n.d.). Afternoon Tea venue in East Sussex at Buxted Park Hotel. Retrieved February 15, 2014, from

The Mechanicals play Essay Example for Free

The Mechanicals play Essay The Mechanicals play is full of devices which show how incompetent they are as actors. How would you direct the play of Pyramus and Thisbe to bring out the comedy? The Pyramus and Thisbe play is classed as a tragedy but despite this the Mechanicals make it a comedy through their incompetence as actors. As a director I would bring out the comedy by exploring: casting, voices, body, costume, props, movement and blocking. I would choose to put the play on at the Globe theatre because that way the audience could appreciate the words and acting of the play rather than be dazzled by fancy lighting and sound. I would have the people of the court lying down at the edges of the stage so that they are still there but not detracting attention away from the Mechanicals. Quince starts the play with the prologue, lines 108 152. I would cast Quince as a tall, slender man with posh English accent so that he can project his voice out over the court. He would be tall because the play is like his baby, he wrote it and directed it and by being taller than the other Mechanicals he is almost like a father, as fathers are taller than their children when they are young. As Quince speaks I would have him with a fairly neutral expression on his face so that he can introduce each actor in the same way. I would have him in a dark suit with a white shirt and black bow tie almost as though he is a master of ceremonies. As he introduces each actor they should stand forward and bow in an exaggerated manner, Thisbe should curtsey, this is to set the over the top acting style for the rest of the play. Pyramus, who is supposed to be a tall, handsome, hero, would be funny played by a short, balding, fat man with a very camp voice. I would have him in clothes of the period and place, i. e. Athens, similar to those of a king or prince. Thisbe, who is supposed to be a beauteous lady would be funny played by a man in drag, wearing a long flowing dress of the period and place with wig to go with and a scarf and she would have a cockney accent. The wall should wear a sheet with a wall painted on, with a white shirt and trousers underneath, he should have one arm stretched out with the sheet attached and the other bent round with his hand on his hip and a brick in the hole that his arm makes with his body. He should have a Liverpudlian accent so that he seems gossipy, meaning that walls have ears and so hear a lot of gossip and want to spread it around. Moonshine should have a London accent and should wear a white shirt and white trousers to give the impression of shining. He should seem thoroughly bored with the whole production because he doesnt have a very large part. He should have a light bulb to hold to represent the moon, a cuddly toy dog on a lead for the dog and a small bonsai tree to represent the bush. The lion should be very timid to be funny because lions are stereotypically ferocious beasts. He should wear an orangey brown furry all in one with a tail and hairy fur around the head. All the actors should be barefoot to add to their incompetence and show that they are the working classes, i. e. too poor to afford good shoes. At this point in the play, because the people of the court are talking amongst themselves rather than to the actors, the actors would ignore their comments. The wall starts to speak and he should stand across the stage, not facing the front but just turning his head, with his arms in place as before and when he says that had a crannied hole or chink he should remove the brick and slowly wave it above his head so that the whole audience can see it before placing it on the floor, this should be done in a very exaggerated manner. When Pyramus speaks he should do very exaggerated, over the top, arm movements as though he was reaching for something. When Pyramus says show me thy chink, to blink through with mine eyes the wall should point furiously to the hole made by his arm bent round. Then when Theseus interrupts, Bottom should talk to Theseus in a conspiratorial manner when he explains that deceiving me is Thisbes cue to enter. Thisbe enters form the right, seemingly quite bored because he has to play the part of a woman, stands the other side of the wall to Pyramus, puts her hands on her hips and speaks her lines. Then Thisbe exits on the right and Pyramus on he left. The wall then speaks again but this time in a conspiratorial manner to Theseus. The wall then picks up the brick and exits on the left. The people of the court talk together about the play so far, they should be laughing and joking. The lion enters from the right and timidly speaks his lines with his hands up by his face like paws. He then goes to the back of the stage and squats down and stays there. Moonshine, having entered from the left at the same time as the lion and stood at the back of the stage, comes forward and starts to speak, holding up the light bulb as he does so. Theseus interrupts and so moonshine should look upon him with disbelief, annoyance and that they could have the audacity to interrupt him, this happens again. The third time moonshine says his lines angrily and holds up each prop as he speaks about it, he points at himself for the man in the moon. Thisbe enters form the right and looks around, she says her line with no real feeling; the lion roars very quietly and the people of the court joke about his timid roar as he chases Thisbe off stage left, she drops her scarf when shes chased away. Bottom then comes on stage from the right and speaks his lines whilst doing extremely exaggerated arm movements up towards the moon, he should also exaggerate the irony of the words he speaks on line 256 sweet moon, I thank thee for thy sunny beams. He should then catch sight of her scarf, rush over and fall on his knees by it. He then picks it up and says his lines (265 270), he should be very upset and somewhat angry when speaking these lines, made comical by the camp tone in his voice. He then takes out his wooden sword, when he says out sword, and wound on line 280 and stabs himself with it because he is so overcome with grief at the thought that hes lost Thisbe. He then gets up on to his feet and walks about the stage from side to side, swaying as though he was drunk; moonshine leaves the stage form the left when Pyramus says moon, take thy flight on line 289. Then on line 290, Pyramus falls to his knees and keels over, facing the audience at the front, whilst saying his last line. The play is nearly finished at this point and the people of the court talk amongst themselves and say how they are beginning to get bored of the play. Then Thisbe enters from the right and looks around, she sees Pyramus and goes to kneel behind him; she peers over him to look at his face, seemingly upset, she speaks her lines with her face pointing upwards with one hand on Pyramus side. As she speaks she should shuffle around Pyramus, on her knees, until she is by his knees, then at line 325 come, trusty sword she should reach over for the sword and stab herself. She should then keel over in the opposite direction so that they are top-to-tail, both facing the audience. After Demetrius says hi line, the actors playing Pyramus and Thisbe, i. e. Bottom and Flute, get up and ask the people of the court if they would like to hear the epilogue. Theseus is very quick to say no as all the people have had enough of the play and are bored with it. At this point all the Mechanicals enter, half from the left, half from the right, and they bow, Thisbe should curtsey. Throughout reading this it is vital to remember that the characters accents will play a very big part in bringing out the comedy of the play. In conclusion, despite the fact that the play of Pyramus and Thisbe is a tragedy it is appropriate to put it on as a comedy so that it ties in with the rest of A Midsummer Nights Dream, which is also a comedy. The Mechanicals incompetent acting makes the play of Pyramus and Thisbe comical and as director I would have brought out the comedy by considering: casting, voice, body, costume, props, movement and blocking; movement and voice in particular because by exaggerating all the movements the Mechanicals as actors would seem incompetent, thus bringing out the comedy in the play, and by giving all the Mechanicals a different accent or tone of voice that was very inappropriate for that character, for example, Pyramus with his camp voice, would also bring out the comedy in the play of Pyramus and Thisbe.

The Urban Political Machine Essay Example for Free

The Urban Political Machine Essay Basically, an urban political machine is a system which was born around the end of the 19th and the early part of the 20th century. This system was formulated to cater to the needs of immigrants and other urban dwellers because they have become part of the majority of the population around this time. The system served as a guarantor of the delivery of the basic needs of people, due to the fact that the state has started to face difficulties in promoting the said needs and services. (Urban Political Machine) Take note that these urban political machines are unique to the United States, and these systems are constructed in the pursuit of the two most important things in politics, money and power. Their roles extended beyond what the state offered; they provided things such as aid for immigrants in finding tangible things such as houses, to the intangibles such as jobs. These machines also helped distribute food in the forms of groceries to families that are deep in need. One of the most surprising things that these urban political machines did was help families that have members in jail, mostly in the form of bail. (Urban Political Machine) According to Jane Addams, an urban political machine, the Alderman, â€Å"bails out his constituents when they are arrested, or says a good word to the police justice when they appear before him for trial†. (Urban Political Machines) This is one way that the urban political machine garnered the negative image that was associated with it. In exchange for these forms of aid, one important thing needed by any political machine is the trust and loyalty by its members, most importantly the people’s votes. Looking at the urban political machine at a non-moralist point of view, one can see that it has indeed become effective in aiding the people especially immigrants because it was able to cater to some of the constituent’s most basic needs, but when looked at from the other side, it can be seen as a very ripe instrument which could lead to things like corruption and tyranny. Bibliography Urban Political Machine. Radford University Home Page. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://www. runet. edu/~shepburn/urban_political_machine. htm Urban Political Machines. University of Houston Digital History. Retrieved May 6, 2009 from http://www. digitalhistory. uh. edu/

ACM ICPC Regional Problem

ACM ICPC Regional Problem Siti Nazihah Binti Sarpin (L) Nurul Aini Binti Mohd Hisan Table of Contents (Jump to) Introduction Problem Description Problem Statistics Problem Details ACM ICPC Regional Problem Reason to Choose This Problem Preliminary Analysis Mathematical Modeling Test Case 1 (Sample input and output from the problem) Test Case 2 (New input and output) Possible Algorithm Design Technique Brute Force Dynamic Programming 0-1 Knapsacks References Introduction Problem Description Bessie has gone on a trip, and she’s riding a roller coaster! Bessie really likes riding the roller coaster, but unfortunately she often gets dizzy. The roller coaster has a number of distinct sections that Bessie rides in order. At the beginning of the ride, Bessies dizziness and fun levels are both at 0. For each section of the roller coaster, Bessie can either keep her eyes open or keep them closed (and must keep them that way for the whole section). If she keeps her eyes open for a section, her total fun increases by a Fun factor for that section, and her dizziness increases by a Dizziness factor for that section. However, if she keeps her eyes closed for the section, her total fun will not change, but her dizziness will decrease by a value that’s constant for the entire roller coaster. (Note that her dizziness can never go below 0.) If, at any point, Bessies dizziness is above a certain limit, Bessie will get sick. Write a program to find the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have without getting sick. Input There will be several test cases in the input. Each test case will begin with a line with three integers: N K L Where N (1 ≠¤ N ≠¤ 1,000) is the number of sections in this particular roller coaster, K (1 ≠¤ K ≠¤ 500) is the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will go down if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride, and L (1 ≠¤ L ≠¤ 300,000) is the limit of dizziness that Bessie can tolerate – if her dizziness ever becomes larger than L, Bessie will get sick, and that’s not fun! Each of the next N lines will describe a section of the roller coaster, and will have two integers: F D Where F (1 ≠¤ F ≠¤ 20) is the increase to Bessie’s total fun that she’ll get if she keeps her eyes open on that section, and D (1 ≠¤ D ≠¤ 500) is the increase to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The sections will be listed in order. The input will end with a line with three 0s. Output For each test case, output a single integer, representing the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have on that roller coaster without exceeding her dizziness limit. Print each integer on its own line with no spaces. Do not print any blank lines between answers. Sample Input 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 10 5 1 20 2 12 4 3 3 10 6 20 3 19 9 19 7 1 500 15 5 4 2 0 0 0 Sample Output 7 0 Problem Statistics According to ACM-ICPC archive website, the total submission of this problem is 2226. There are 183 users have solved this problem while 246 users that tried this problem (last update on 10 Dec 2014). This problem can be found at https://icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?option=com_onlinejudgeItemid=8category=410page=show_problemproblem=2871. Problem Details ACM ICPC Regional Problem Region: ACM ICPC Regionals 2010 North America Southeast USA Year: 2010 Problem: H, 4870 – Roller Coaster [4.500 seconds] Link:https://icpcarchive.ecs.baylor.edu/index.php?option=com_onlinejudgeItemid=8category=410page=show_problemproblem=2871 Source Code: https://github.com/depstein/programming-competitions/blob/master/problems/04-10-14%20intro/4870%20(Roller%20Coaster)/rollercoaster.java Programmer: N/A. Reason to Choose This Problem This problem is chosen to fulfill a requirement of CSC750, Advance Algorithm and Analysis that needed the problem that can be solved using Dynamic Programming. This problem belongs to 0-1 Knapsack problem which require us to find the maximum amount of fun can Bessie have without making her sick. Preliminary Analysis This problem is to obtain the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have when riding a roller coaster without getting sick, in which case without exceeding her dizziness limit. The constraints of the problem include: The roller coaster has a distinct number of sections that Bessie rides in order. Bessie’s fun and dizziness levels are both at 0 at the beginning of the ride. For each section, Bessie has two options either to keeps her eyes open or close and she must keep them that way for the whole section. At any section, when Bessie keeps her eyes open, her total dizziness increases by a dizziness factor and her total fun also increases by a fun factor. * At any section, when Bessie keeps her eyes closed, her total dizziness will be subtracted by a value that is constant for the entire roller coaster, but her total fun is maintain. * Bessie’s dizziness can never go below 0. Bessie will get sick if her dizziness is above a given limit. * * Tricky constraint. The parameters for this problem are listed as below: N (1 ≠¤ N ≠¤ 1000), the number of sections in a particular roller coaster. K (1 ≠¤ K ≠¤ 500), the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride. L (1 ≠¤ L ≠¤ 300,000), limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand. F (1 ≠¤ F ≠¤ 20), the increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section. D (1 ≠¤ D ≠¤ 500), the increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. 000, the c fixed command line for stopping the test cases. This problem belongs to 0-1 Knapsack problem. This is due to the same properties this problem had as with a Knapsack problem in which it contains; a set of items where each item consists of weight and value, the total weight must be less than or equal to the given limit, and a maximum total value (in which case it must consider the given limit of the sack can carry) [1]. Thus, for this Roller Coaster problem, the properties listed below have adapted the knapsack solution: The item in this problem consists of Bessie’s dizziness level (weight) and fun level (value). Her dizziness is how much she can carries in her sack (total weight of the items she carries in the sack). Her fun is what she would like to maximize (total value of the items she carries). Now, we want to get the maximum total fun she could have without making her too dizzy (maximum total fun = maximum total value in her sack) (limit of dizziness = weight limit for the sack). Furthermore, this problem is tied with another tricky constraints in which it affected the dizziness level and fun level at each distinct section, in which case Bessie has two options either to open or close her eyes during riding that roller coaster (in Knapsack problem, whether an item is in the sack or not). If she keeps her eyes open, both dizziness and fun level will increase. Meanwhile, if she keeps her eyes close, her fun level will remain the same as with the previous section, but her dizziness level will increase. In conjunction with these tricky constraints, it can be broken down into many sub-problems [2], hence the Knapsack solution to this problem does not have to perform backtracking or recursion. This is because the previously solved sub-problems are stored in tables and can be used again instead of re-computing the solution each time [2]. In summary, this Knapsack problem is more suitable if it is solve by using Dynamic Programming technique compare with brute force algorithm. Mathematical Modeling Input: The number of sections in a particular roller coaster. The amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride. The limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand. The increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section. The fixed command line for stopping the test cases. Output: The maximum amount of fun Bessie can have on that roller coaster without exceeding her dizziness limit. Let, the number of sections in a particular roller coaster = N, where N ≠¥ 1 and N ≠¤ 1000, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride = K, where K ≠¥ 1 and K ≠¤ 500, the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand = L, where L ≠¥ 1 and L ≠¤ 300000, the increases to Bessie’s total fun if she keeps her eyes open on that section = F, where F ≠¥ 1 and F ≠¤ 20, the increases to her dizziness level if she keeps her eyes open on that section = D, where D ≠¥ 1 and D ≠¤ 500, and the fixed command line for stopping the test cases = 000. To mathematically model this problem, it uses array tables to obtain the maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick [4]. It is important to make sure total dizziness (DTotal) can never go below zero and must not exceed the given limit. Hence, DTotal ≠¥ 0 and DTotal ≠¤ L. Moreover, depending on Bessie’s eyes’ condition (either open or close), it will affect each of the total fun and total dizziness. Hence, FOpen = F + F[fun at nth section], DOpen = D + D[dizzy at nth section], FClose = F[fun at nth section], DClose = D[dizzy at nth section] K, where FOpen, DOpen, FClose, DClose N. Thus a solution for the problem is to find the minimum dizziness Bessie could have with the maximum fun [4]. DP[N][F] is the minimum dizziness Bessie can have, with fun = F. DP[N][F] = max(DP[N 1][F (fun at the nth section)] + (dizziness at the nth section), DP[N 1][F] K). First table is to store the section’s number [N] and the other one is to store the total fun [F]. Note that both initial arrays of fun and dizziness level are set to 0.The track of the roller coaster must pass all section meaning to move to the next section both table will become [N-1] [F Fun[N]]. By using those tables, for each section, we can obtain the maximum fun Bessie can have. When move to the next section, it just retrieves the previously stored result in order to get the new result for the new section. Test Case 1 (Sample input and output from the problem) Sample input Sample output 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 7 Table 1 Sample input and output of test case 1 Table 2 illustrates the optimal solution for test case 1 from the sample input given by the Roller Coaster problem. This roller coaster track has a total of 3 sections, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride is 1, and the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand is 2. The maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick is 7 and her dizziness is 2. During riding that roller coaster, Bessie had her eyes open in section 1 and 3, and close her eyes in section 2. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 2 = 7 0 + 2 = 2 Table 2Optimal solution for test case 1 from sample input Roller Coaster problem Test Case 2 (New input and output) Input Output 12 3 8 5 4 3 2 8 2 6 1 12 5 18 2 12 3 10 4 15 2 16 5 10 3 6 1 80 Table 3 input and output from test case 2 This roller coaster track has a total of 12 sections, the amount that Bessie’s dizziness level will be subtracted if she keeps her eyes closed on any section of the ride is 3, and the limit of dizziness that Bessie can stand is 8. The maximum total fun Bessie could have without getting sick is 80 and her dizziness is 6. During riding that roller coaster, Bessie had her eyes close in section 2 5, 8 and 10, and open her eyes in other sections. Meanwhile, Table 4 shows how the solution is achieved. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 5 4 0 + 5 = 5 0 + 4 = 4 Close Section 2 3 2 5 4 3 = 1 Open Section 3 8 2 5 + 8 = 13 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 4 6 1 13 + 6 = 19 3 + 1 = 4 Close Section 5 12 5 19 4 – 3 = 1 Open Section 6 18 2 19 + 18 = 37 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 7 12 3 37 + 12 = 49 3 + 3 = 6 Close Section 8 10 4 49 6 – 3 = 3 Open Section 9 15 2 49 + 15 = 64 3 + 2 = 5 Close Section 10 16 5 64 5 – 3 = 2 Open Section 11 10 3 64 + 10 = 74 2 + 3 = 5 Open Section 12 6 1 74 + 6 = 80 5 + 1 = 6 Table 4: An example of input for Roller Coaster problem Possible Algorithm Design Technique Roller coaster problem can be solved using brute force technique or dynamic programming. There is no doubt that this problem can be solved using brute force and it can produce the correct output but it will caused an exponential time to the program. Therefore, Dynamic Programming is the better approach to solve Roller Coaster problem. Brute Force Brute force technique is not recommended to solve this problem because it will result in an exponential solution [3] as we have to modify the condition (either Bessie’s eyes open or close) and compare each result every time in order to obtain the optimal solution. In addition, if the number of test cases is getting bigger, it is quite impossible to get a short period of time taken as to calculate every sub-problem. Since there is no limit on the test case, user can state their input as much as they want. Let’s take sample test case 1 as an example shown in Table 1. 3 1 2 2 1 3 1 5 2 3 1 2 N = 3, K = 1, and L = 2. 2 1, 3 1, and 5 2 F = 2, 3, 5 and D = 1, 1. Table 5: Sample test case 1 from the Roller Coaster problem Brute force algorithm will test all the possibilities of Bessie’s eyes condition, either she had her eyes opened or closed. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 2 3 1 2 + 3 = 5 1 + 2 = 3 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 5 = 10 3 + 2 = 5 Table 6: First condition The first condition fails because Bessie’s dizziness level exceeds her limit even though she got so much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Open Section 2 3 1 0 + 3 = 3 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 3 5 2 3 + 5 = 8 1 + 2 = 3 Table 7: Second condition The second condition also fails because her dizziness level exceeds her limit. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Open Section 3 5 2 5 + 2 = 7 0 + 2 = 2 Table 8: Third condition The third condition is a success because of her dizziness level does not exceed her limit and she got so much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Open Section 2 3 1 2 + 3 = 5 1 + 1 = 2 Close Section 3 5 2 5 2 – 1 = 1 Table 9: Fourth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but the fun she got is not much. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Close Section 2 3 1 0 0 Open Section 3 5 2 0 + 5 = 5 0 + 2 = 2 Table 10: Fifth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Open Section 1 2 1 0 + 2 = 2 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 2 3 1 2 1 – 1 = 0 Close Section 3 5 2 2 0 Table 11: Sixth condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because of Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Open Section 2 3 1 0 + 3 = 3 0 + 1 = 1 Close Section 3 5 2 3 1 – 1 = 0 Table 12: Seventh condition Even though this condition can be considered as a success because Bessie’s dizziness level does not exceed her limit but she does not have much fun. Eyes’ Condition Level of Fun Dizziness Initial 0 0 Close Section 1 2 1 0 0 Close Section 2 3 1 0 0 Close Section 3 5 2 0 0 Table 13: Eighth condition This condition fails because Bessie’s does not have fun at all. Therefore, Table 8 which illustrates the third condition is the most optimal solution where it satisfies as the maximum amount of fun Bessie can have when riding a roller coaster without getting sick. Dynamic Programming 0-1 Knapsacks The key idea to solve this problem is by adapting the Knapsack solution in which total amount of dizziness as the total weight she carries in her sack without exceeding the given limit and maximum fun as the maximum total value carries in that sack. To obtain the most optimal solution, we have to select the most maximum of total fun. However, in selecting the maximum total fun, we need to consider the total amount of dizziness because if it exceeds the limit, Bessie will get sick and thus we should avoid it. References [1] Knapsack Problem, http://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Knapsack_problem [2] Slide #4 in Dynamic Programming 1, CSC752 Advanced Algorithms Analysis, Syed Ahmad Aljunid. [3] Brute Force Search, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brute-force_search [4] Southeast Regionals 2010 – Solutions, https://sites.google.com/site/ubcprogrammingteam/news